Foreword	p. xv
Preface	p. xix
Foundations of 3D User Interfaces	p. 1
Introduction to 3D User Interfaces	p. 3
What Are 3D User Interfaces?	p. 3
Why 3D User Interfaces?	p. 4
Terminology	p. 6
Application Areas	p. 8
Conclusion	p. 9
3D User Interfaces: History and Roadmap	p. 11
History of 3D UIs	p. 11
Roadmap to 3D UIs	p. 14
Areas Informing the Design of 3D UIs	p. 15
3D UI Subareas	p. 18
Areas Impacted by 3D UIs	p. 22
Scope of This Book	p. 25
Conclusion	p. 26
Hardware Technologies for 3D User Interfaces	p. 27
3D User Interface Output Hardware	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Chapter Roadmap	p. 30
Visual Displays	p. 31
Visual Display Characteristics	p. 31
Depth Cues	p. 34
Visual Display Device Types	p. 40
Auditory Displays	p. 59
3D Sound Localization Cues	p. 59
3D Sound Generation	p. 62
Sound System Configurations	p. 64
Audio in 3D Interfaces	p. 66
Haptic Displays	p. 68
Haptic Cues	p. 68
Haptic Display Characteristics	p. 70
Haptic Display Types	p. 71
Haptic Displays in 3D Interfaces	p. 77
Design Guidelines: Choosing Output Devices for 3D User Interfaces	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 83
3D User Interface Input Hardware	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
Input Device Characteristics	p. 88
Chapter Roadmap	p. 89
Desktop Input Devices	p. 90
Keyboards	p. 91
2D Mice and Trackballs	p. 91
Pen-Based Tablets	p. 92
Joysticks	p. 93
Six-DOF Input Devices for the Desktop	p. 95
Tracking Devices	p. 96
Motion Tracking	p. 96
Eye Tracking	p. 105
Data Gloves	p. 106
3D Mice	p. 110
Handheld 3D Mice	p. 111
User-Worn 3D Mice	p. 113
Special-Purpose Input Devices	p. 114
Direct Human Input	p. 118
Speech Input	p. 119
Bioelectric Input	p. 120
Brain Input	p. 120
Home-Brewed Input Devices	p. 122
Strategies for Building Input Devices	p. 122
Connecting the Home-Brewed Input Device to the Computer	p. 124
Choosing Input Devices for 3D Interfaces	p. 126
Important Considerations	p. 126
Input Device Taxonomies	p. 128
Empirical Evaluations	p. 132
3D Interaction Techniques	p. 135
Selection and Manipulation	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Chapter Roadmap	p. 140
3D Manipulation Tasks	p. 140
Canonical Manipulation Tasks	p. 141
Application-Specific Manipulation Tasks	p. 143
Manipulation Techniques and Input Devices	p. 143
Control Dimensions and Integrated Control in 3D Manipulation	p. 144
Force versus Position Control	p. 145
Device Placement and Form-Factor in 3D Manipulation	p. 145
Interaction Techniques for 3D Manipulation	p. 147
Classifications of Manipulation Techniques	p. 147
Interacting by Pointing	p. 150
Direct Manipulation: Virtual Hand Techniques	p. 158
World-in-Miniature	p. 162
Combining Techniques	p. 163
Nonisomorphic 3D Rotation	p. 168
Desktop 3D Manipulation	p. 171
Design Guidelines	p. 179
Travel	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Chapter Roadmap	p. 184
3D Travel Tasks	p. 184
Exploration	p. 185
Search	p. 185
Maneuvering	p. 186
Additional Travel Task Characteristics	p. 187
Travel Techniques	p. 188
Technique Classifications	p. 188
Physical Locomotion Techniques	p. 192
Steering Techniques	p. 199
Route-Planning Techniques	p. 206
Target-Based Techniques	p. 210
Manual Manipulation Techniques	p. 214
Travel-by-Scaling Techniques	p. 216
Viewpoint Orientation Techniques	p. 217
Velocity Specification Techniques	p. 219
Integrated Camera Controls for Desktop 3D Environments	p. 220
Design Guidelines	p. 222
Wayfinding	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Chapter Roadmap	p. 229
Theoretical Foundations	p. 229
Wayfinding Tasks	p. 231
Types of Spatial Knowledge	p. 231
Egocentric and Exocentric Reference Frames	p. 232
User-Centered Wayfinding Support	p. 234
Field of View	p. 235
Motion Cues	p. 235
Multisensory Output	p. 236
Presence	p. 237
Search Strategies	p. 237
Environment-Centered Wayfinding Support	p. 239
Environment Design	p. 239
Artificial Cues	p. 242
Evaluating Wayfinding Aids	p. 250
Design Guidelines	p. 251
Conclusion	p. 253
System Control	p. 255
Introduction	p. 255
Human Factors of System Control	p. 257
Input Devices	p. 257
System- and Application-Level Factors	p. 258
Chapter Roadmap	p. 258
Classification	p. 259
Graphical Menus	p. 260
Techniques	p. 260
Design and Implementation Issues	p. 265
Practical Application	p. 267
Voice Commands	p. 268
Techniques	p. 268
Design and Implementation Issues	p. 268
Practical Application	p. 269
Gestural Commands	p. 270
Techniques	p. 271
Design and Implementation Issues	p. 272
Practical Application	p. 273
Tools	p. 273
Techniques	p. 274
Design and Implementation Issues	p. 276
Practical Application	p. 277
Multimodal System Control Techniques	p. 278
Design Guidelines	p. 280
Case Study: Mixing System Control Methods	p. 282
The ProViT Application	p. 282
System Control Design Approach for ProViT	p. 283
Mapping of Tasks to Devices	p. 283
Placement of System Control	p. 284
System Control Feedback	p. 284
Conclusion	p. 285
Symbolic Input	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
Why Is Symbolic Input Important?	p. 288
Scenarios of Use	p. 288
Brief History of Symbolic Input	p. 290
Distinctive Features of Symbolic Input in 3D UIs	p. 291
Chapter Roadmap	p. 292
Symbolic Input Tasks	p. 293
Alphanumeric Input	p. 293
Editing Alphanumeric Symbols	p. 293
Markup Input	p. 294
Symbolic Input Techniques	p. 294
Keyboard-Based Techniques	p. 294
Pen-Based Techniques	p. 300
Gesture-Based Techniques	p. 303
Speech-Based Techniques	p. 304
Design Guidelines	p. 306
Beyond Text and Number Entry	p. 310
Designing and Developing 3D User Interfaces	p. 311
Strategies for Designing and Developing 3D User Interfaces	p. 313
Introduction	p. 313
Designing for Humans	p. 314
Inventing 3D User Interfaces	p. 314
Chapter Roadmap	p. 315
Designing for Humans	p. 315
Feedback in 3D User Interfaces	p. 315
Constraints	p. 322
Two-Handed Control	p. 323
Designing for Different User Groups	p. 327
Designing for User Comfort	p. 328
Inventing 3D User Interfaces	p. 330
Borrowing from the Real World	p. 331
Adapting from 2D User Interfaces	p. 335
Magic and Aesthetics	p. 340
Design Guidelines	p. 345
Evaluation of 3D User Interfaces	p. 349
Introduction	p. 349
Purposes of Evaluation	p. 350
Terminology	p. 351
Chapter Roadmap	p. 351
Background	p. 351
Tools for Evaluation Design and Implementation	p. 352
Evaluation Methods Used for 3D Interfaces	p. 354
Evaluation Metrics for 3D Interfaces	p. 357
System Performance Metrics	p. 357
Task Performance Metrics	p. 358
User Preference Metrics	p. 358
Distinctive Characteristics of 3D Interface Evaluation	p. 360
Physical Environment Issues	p. 360
Evaluator Issues	p. 362
User Issues	p. 363
Evaluation Type Issues	p. 365
Miscellaneous Issues	p. 367
Classification of 3D Evaluation Methods	p. 367
Two Multimethod Approaches	p. 369
Testbed Evaluation Approach	p. 370
Sequential Evaluation Approach	p. 375
Comparison of Approaches	p. 378
Guidelines for 3D Interface Evaluation	p. 382
General Guidelines	p. 382
Guidelines for Formal Experimentation	p. 383
The Future of 3D User Interfaces	p. 385
Beyond Virtual: 3D User Interfaces for the Real World	p. 387
Introduction	p. 387
What Is Augmented Reality?	p. 389
Bringing Virtual Interfaces into the Real World	p. 390
Chapter Roadmap	p. 391
AR Interfaces as 3D Data Browsers	p. 391
3D Augmented Reality Interfaces	p. 394
Augmented Surfaces and Tangible Interfaces	p. 395
Tangible AR Interfaces	p. 397
Design of Tangible AR	p. 398
Time-Multiplexed Interaction in Tangible AR	p. 400
Advantages and Disadvantages of Tangible AR	p. 402
Agents in AR	p. 403
Transitional AR-VR Interfaces	p. 404
Conclusion	p. 405
The Future of 3D User Interfaces	p. 407
Questions about 3D UI Technology	p. 407
Questions about 3D Interaction Techniques	p. 410
Questions about 3D UI Design and Development	p. 412
Questions about 3D UI Evaluation	p. 415
Million-Dollar Questions	p. 416
Quick Reference Guide to 3D User Interface Mathematics	p. 419
Scalars	p. 420
Vectors	p. 420
Points	p. 421
Matrices	p. 422
Quaternions	p. 424
Bibliography	p. 429
Index	p. 457
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

[서양서적] 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice |